To learn from a primary source go to : http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.asp
Wednesday, August 22, 2012
Ferdinand Magellan
To learn from a primary source go to : http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.asp
The Tuscarora People
The Tuscarora Tribe
History does not look too much into the history of the Tuscarora people, and often it is a tribe that is over looked, but it is a group that has a deep and intense history when it came to American colonization. To start off, there were two branches in the Tuscarora tribe, led by Chief Hancock and Chief Tom Blunt (later changed to Blount), but when Europeans began to violently attack the tribe, both leaders decided to end European influence on the community. Chief Hancock took things a step farther, and he decided to fight back against the European colonies. The North Carolinians were ill-prepared for battle after Cary's Rebellion ( a fight that involved the replacement of Deputy Governor Thomas Cary), and was quickly defeated at the time. For the Tuscarora people, it seemed that the breaking point was the surveyor John Lawson recommended the Tuscarora should be forced out of their land without payment. When word spread about this, the tribe quickly abducted him, later killing him after thorough investigation. As Chief Hancock continued his tirade of revenge, the Tuscarora were forced to surrender and were had many 35,000 of land taken away from them. In the early 1700's, many Tuscaroras were killed or enslaved by the British during this even later named the Tuscarora War.
Most of the survivors moved to New York to live with their northern relatives, the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. Interesting enough, the Tuscarora were one of the many tribes that had a matriarchal government, something that was unheard of for Europeans.Despite the tribe's unfortunate history, the Tuscarora is a prime example of the risks that can come when taking a chance against the idea you disagree with.
*To read "Christoph von Graffenried's account of the Tuscarora War" go to the link below:
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-colonial/1962
*To read “A Letter from Major Christopher Gale, November 2, 1711″ go to the link below:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/6472
Monday, August 6, 2012
Lesson Two: Learning Objectives 1-3
1) State the factors that led England to begin colonization.
By the time England had begun any attempt at colonization in the Americas, Spain had already established itself as the super power of that current time period. France had also began settlements in America, and England decided that colonization would be necessary step if they wished to compete militarily, economically, and politically with all the other major European countries. While no longer considered so much to be "The New World", America was obviously a source of profitable materials and land. The reason that England decided to venture into American territory can be best described with the term "push-pull factors". In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh began the first English colony named Roanoke but it was deemed unsuccessful, mysteriously disappearing. For individuals, religion played a large part in why some wanted to escape America. The Reformation pushed many to flee England and escape to America where they would be free of religious persecution. Religious groups such as Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers came to America hoping to create an environment where they were free to live as they wish. Job opportunities were also scarce at the time, and many felt that they could create a better situation for themselves in America. Trans-Atlantic fare became more affordable and many families were able to come to America through either indentured servitude or from their own pocket. One phenomenon that occurred was chain migration in which many migrated to America because of family or friends who were already there. In conclusion, England chose to begin colonization in America because of the country's need to compete with growing European economies. But what truly brought British individuals to support England's overseas endeavors was the idea of freedom to pursue a higher economic and personal standing, something that England could not offer.
2) Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity.
In 1606, King James I granted a charter to a group of entrepreneurs, named the Virginia Company, to establish a colony in America. Many settlers traveled from London to the Chesapeake region of North America, but unfortunately many of the settlers were considered to be of English gentry and presumably had no knowledge in how to survive in the wilderness. Immediately after landing, the colonists were under attack from the Algonquian natives, who were considered to be the settlers half-hearted enemies. It was Captain John Smith's leadership that prevented the struggling colony from dissolving completely, but when he left, a period known as "Starving Time" fell upon the colonists. More then half of the original settler died from the temporarily hostile environment and the Anglo-Pohwatan Wars, and many considered abandoning the colony all together. It was not until the very determined Lord De La Warre came along with cargo ships full of materials and the colony desperately needed. But the suffering and hardship continued until tobacco entrepeneur John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the Algonquian chief Powhatan, their marriage brought a time a piece in Jamestown. Since the colony felt secure and leveled, they developed a structured government that would help organize and control issues concerning Jamestown. The town even began using a small amount of African slaves to help the colony operate, though they were considered indentured servants at the time along with many poor white individuals. When the dissatisfied Algonquians once again attacked Jamestown, The Virginia Colony's charter was revoked and Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624. Jamestown did not have the greatest start, but it was the determination of a few men that made this colony the first successful venture into settlement for the English.
3) Describe the cultural and Social changes that Indian communities underwent in response English Colonization.
Native Americans in North America had inhabited the land for over 15,000 years and thrived in a variety of setting and cultures.They are set apart by different dialects, religion, diets, and many other factors that made the Native American a very diverse people.Native Americans manage to make wild plants such as corn, potatoes, pumpkin, yams, and lima beans into edible farm crops used to feed themselves. When English settlers arrived at the coast of America, many Natives where not very welcoming (as seen between Jamestown colonist and the Algonquian tribe) but at times not all was lost. Europeans reintroduced the horse to North America and Native American thrived from the ability to travel greater distances and explore newer territory. Native Americans went as far as to trade with settlers in exchange for new materials or weapons, and they would even aid the colonist in any trouble they came across. However, more negative aspects outweighed any positive relationship the English and the Native Americans had; consequently, trade and proximity brought disease to the the Natives who were not immune. The population of Native American decreased significantly and this only soured the fragile relationship both groups shared. As the Native American's hold on America loosened, British settlers forced many out of their land with their superior weapons and constructions. While English settlers slowly began to over power Native Americans, the dislike many tribes had for the foreigners ultimately led them to set aside their own differences and band together against any European threat.
By the time England had begun any attempt at colonization in the Americas, Spain had already established itself as the super power of that current time period. France had also began settlements in America, and England decided that colonization would be necessary step if they wished to compete militarily, economically, and politically with all the other major European countries. While no longer considered so much to be "The New World", America was obviously a source of profitable materials and land. The reason that England decided to venture into American territory can be best described with the term "push-pull factors". In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh began the first English colony named Roanoke but it was deemed unsuccessful, mysteriously disappearing. For individuals, religion played a large part in why some wanted to escape America. The Reformation pushed many to flee England and escape to America where they would be free of religious persecution. Religious groups such as Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers came to America hoping to create an environment where they were free to live as they wish. Job opportunities were also scarce at the time, and many felt that they could create a better situation for themselves in America. Trans-Atlantic fare became more affordable and many families were able to come to America through either indentured servitude or from their own pocket. One phenomenon that occurred was chain migration in which many migrated to America because of family or friends who were already there. In conclusion, England chose to begin colonization in America because of the country's need to compete with growing European economies. But what truly brought British individuals to support England's overseas endeavors was the idea of freedom to pursue a higher economic and personal standing, something that England could not offer.
2) Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity.
In 1606, King James I granted a charter to a group of entrepreneurs, named the Virginia Company, to establish a colony in America. Many settlers traveled from London to the Chesapeake region of North America, but unfortunately many of the settlers were considered to be of English gentry and presumably had no knowledge in how to survive in the wilderness. Immediately after landing, the colonists were under attack from the Algonquian natives, who were considered to be the settlers half-hearted enemies. It was Captain John Smith's leadership that prevented the struggling colony from dissolving completely, but when he left, a period known as "Starving Time" fell upon the colonists. More then half of the original settler died from the temporarily hostile environment and the Anglo-Pohwatan Wars, and many considered abandoning the colony all together. It was not until the very determined Lord De La Warre came along with cargo ships full of materials and the colony desperately needed. But the suffering and hardship continued until tobacco entrepeneur John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the Algonquian chief Powhatan, their marriage brought a time a piece in Jamestown. Since the colony felt secure and leveled, they developed a structured government that would help organize and control issues concerning Jamestown. The town even began using a small amount of African slaves to help the colony operate, though they were considered indentured servants at the time along with many poor white individuals. When the dissatisfied Algonquians once again attacked Jamestown, The Virginia Colony's charter was revoked and Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624. Jamestown did not have the greatest start, but it was the determination of a few men that made this colony the first successful venture into settlement for the English.
3) Describe the cultural and Social changes that Indian communities underwent in response English Colonization.
Native Americans in North America had inhabited the land for over 15,000 years and thrived in a variety of setting and cultures.They are set apart by different dialects, religion, diets, and many other factors that made the Native American a very diverse people.Native Americans manage to make wild plants such as corn, potatoes, pumpkin, yams, and lima beans into edible farm crops used to feed themselves. When English settlers arrived at the coast of America, many Natives where not very welcoming (as seen between Jamestown colonist and the Algonquian tribe) but at times not all was lost. Europeans reintroduced the horse to North America and Native American thrived from the ability to travel greater distances and explore newer territory. Native Americans went as far as to trade with settlers in exchange for new materials or weapons, and they would even aid the colonist in any trouble they came across. However, more negative aspects outweighed any positive relationship the English and the Native Americans had; consequently, trade and proximity brought disease to the the Natives who were not immune. The population of Native American decreased significantly and this only soured the fragile relationship both groups shared. As the Native American's hold on America loosened, British settlers forced many out of their land with their superior weapons and constructions. While English settlers slowly began to over power Native Americans, the dislike many tribes had for the foreigners ultimately led them to set aside their own differences and band together against any European threat.
Sunday, August 5, 2012
Lesson One: Learning Objectives 3-5
3) Explain the developments in Europe and Africa that led up to Columbus's voyage to America:
Columbus may be remembered for unknowingly discovering the America's, but credit should be given to a certain group of people who are often referred to as the vikings. They established a small colony at the time named "Vineland", but after a few years the Vikings dropped all plans for settlement and mysteriously abandoned any effort to colonize the Americas. Despite rumors of the Viking's voyage to the "New World", no European countries were willing, or even interested, in embarking in a similar journey. However, technological advances in navigation such as faster ships and the invention of the astrolabe renewed Europe's thirst in trade beyond their own continent. Merchants and traders such as Marco Polo opened routes to Asia and Islamic civilizations, but despite this new discovery, Italy dominated the routes to the foreign continents. European countries suddenly united together and their monarchs became envious of the wealth traders were earning with the spices and exotic products brought back from Asia and Islamic countries. Portugal began to look into alternate routes to these areas and after a few attempts, Portugal began trade with the coast of Africa. By 1500, they had even discovered and claimed Brazil as their own territory. Spain's desire to begin trade in Asia began with Christopher Columbus who believed Asia could be located across the Atlantic Ocean. He had approached his country Italy with the idea, but was immediately rejected and branded a lunatic for his ideas. The idea at the time was that the Earth was flat, and many believed that beyond the Atlantic Ocean, there was only an endless abyss. Columbus later approached Spain with the idea, conceding to the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella's desire to compete against the empires France, England, and Portugal. In 1492, Columbus traveled with his ships across the Atlantic Ocean and within ten weeks, he had landed at the Bahamas, believing he had found Japan.
4) Explain the changes and conflicts that occurred when the diverse worlds of Europe, Africa, and the Americas collided after 1492:
After 1492, Christopher Columbus returned to Spain with unknown foods such as coconuts and sweet corn. Despite these new discoveries, Columbus still believed that he had met and interacted with "dark-skinned Indians" and assumed he had sailed around the Indian Ocean. Spain and much of Europe assumed the same and hailed him as the man who opened a western route to Asia. Portugal suspected the truth, that Columbus had simply crossed islands that were located in the Atlantic Ocean. John II of Portugal issued a complaint to Pope Alexander II but they were both rejected in favor of Columbus's claim. Disputes between Spain and Portugal remained so until both countries signed and established the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the land owned by the two empires. Columbus died under the idea that he had discovered a new route to Asia, but German geographer, Martin Waldseemüller accepted the claim that Amerigo had reached the "New World" before Columbus and eventually named the vast land America. Portugal was also ahead of many European countries in the form of slave trade, in return for weapons and other various products, Africa traded slaves which aided the country in labor costs.As various European countries established claims on American soil, slavery was suddenly in demand. Many Native Americans died from diseases brought from Europe such as Small Pox and Influenza. To replace the dramatically decreasing number of native laborers, European settlers began to bring in African slaves to gather and cultivate crops. The trade of crops, slaves,and diseases is known as the Columbian Exchange, establishing what would be colonial America for hundreds of years.
5) Describe the Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America and identify the major features of Spanish colonization and expansion in North America:
Spain was determined to go beyond the Eastern Coast of the Americas and repeatedly funded expeditions that what allow the country to get ahead in terms of the economic race major European countries competed in. Juan Ponce de Leon explored the coasts of Florida and Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in the same exact year. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition sailed around the tip of South America, across the Pacific to the Philippines (a prominent territory of Spain as well) , to the Indian Ocean, and back to Europe around the southern tip of African in a span of three years. But Spain got it's title as the wealthiest country in Europe during the Sixteenth Century when Hernando Cortes's small army reached and immediately conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519. Two years later, Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Inca Empire, gaining it's vast silver mines. Expeditions in the North American Southwest and southeast also increased Spain's dominance in the Americas. While the discovery of the Aztec and Inca empires was considered a fortunate event for Spain's economy, that was not the case for natives. While Europeans were under the notion that while the native civilizations found in America were amazing and exotic, they were considered barbaric and unholy as well. Spain felt that any pagan population must be westernized and taught the word of God, those who refused would be punished severely. The Native's beliefs and foreign culture was enough for the European to justify the killing and destruction that occurred in the Americas. On top of that, the fact that most indigenous cultures were not immune to European diseases almost forced the native population to go from 20 million to a staggering 2 million.
Columbus may be remembered for unknowingly discovering the America's, but credit should be given to a certain group of people who are often referred to as the vikings. They established a small colony at the time named "Vineland", but after a few years the Vikings dropped all plans for settlement and mysteriously abandoned any effort to colonize the Americas. Despite rumors of the Viking's voyage to the "New World", no European countries were willing, or even interested, in embarking in a similar journey. However, technological advances in navigation such as faster ships and the invention of the astrolabe renewed Europe's thirst in trade beyond their own continent. Merchants and traders such as Marco Polo opened routes to Asia and Islamic civilizations, but despite this new discovery, Italy dominated the routes to the foreign continents. European countries suddenly united together and their monarchs became envious of the wealth traders were earning with the spices and exotic products brought back from Asia and Islamic countries. Portugal began to look into alternate routes to these areas and after a few attempts, Portugal began trade with the coast of Africa. By 1500, they had even discovered and claimed Brazil as their own territory. Spain's desire to begin trade in Asia began with Christopher Columbus who believed Asia could be located across the Atlantic Ocean. He had approached his country Italy with the idea, but was immediately rejected and branded a lunatic for his ideas. The idea at the time was that the Earth was flat, and many believed that beyond the Atlantic Ocean, there was only an endless abyss. Columbus later approached Spain with the idea, conceding to the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella's desire to compete against the empires France, England, and Portugal. In 1492, Columbus traveled with his ships across the Atlantic Ocean and within ten weeks, he had landed at the Bahamas, believing he had found Japan.
4) Explain the changes and conflicts that occurred when the diverse worlds of Europe, Africa, and the Americas collided after 1492:
After 1492, Christopher Columbus returned to Spain with unknown foods such as coconuts and sweet corn. Despite these new discoveries, Columbus still believed that he had met and interacted with "dark-skinned Indians" and assumed he had sailed around the Indian Ocean. Spain and much of Europe assumed the same and hailed him as the man who opened a western route to Asia. Portugal suspected the truth, that Columbus had simply crossed islands that were located in the Atlantic Ocean. John II of Portugal issued a complaint to Pope Alexander II but they were both rejected in favor of Columbus's claim. Disputes between Spain and Portugal remained so until both countries signed and established the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the land owned by the two empires. Columbus died under the idea that he had discovered a new route to Asia, but German geographer, Martin Waldseemüller accepted the claim that Amerigo had reached the "New World" before Columbus and eventually named the vast land America. Portugal was also ahead of many European countries in the form of slave trade, in return for weapons and other various products, Africa traded slaves which aided the country in labor costs.As various European countries established claims on American soil, slavery was suddenly in demand. Many Native Americans died from diseases brought from Europe such as Small Pox and Influenza. To replace the dramatically decreasing number of native laborers, European settlers began to bring in African slaves to gather and cultivate crops. The trade of crops, slaves,and diseases is known as the Columbian Exchange, establishing what would be colonial America for hundreds of years.
5) Describe the Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America and identify the major features of Spanish colonization and expansion in North America:
Spain was determined to go beyond the Eastern Coast of the Americas and repeatedly funded expeditions that what allow the country to get ahead in terms of the economic race major European countries competed in. Juan Ponce de Leon explored the coasts of Florida and Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in the same exact year. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition sailed around the tip of South America, across the Pacific to the Philippines (a prominent territory of Spain as well) , to the Indian Ocean, and back to Europe around the southern tip of African in a span of three years. But Spain got it's title as the wealthiest country in Europe during the Sixteenth Century when Hernando Cortes's small army reached and immediately conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519. Two years later, Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Inca Empire, gaining it's vast silver mines. Expeditions in the North American Southwest and southeast also increased Spain's dominance in the Americas. While the discovery of the Aztec and Inca empires was considered a fortunate event for Spain's economy, that was not the case for natives. While Europeans were under the notion that while the native civilizations found in America were amazing and exotic, they were considered barbaric and unholy as well. Spain felt that any pagan population must be westernized and taught the word of God, those who refused would be punished severely. The Native's beliefs and foreign culture was enough for the European to justify the killing and destruction that occurred in the Americas. On top of that, the fact that most indigenous cultures were not immune to European diseases almost forced the native population to go from 20 million to a staggering 2 million.
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