Gilded Age Terms

Boom and Bust Commerce Farming Panic of 1873 Panic of 1893 Hatch Act All the traffic will bear The Crédit Mobilier scandal The White Caps Pacific Railroad Acts Swift and Armor Checkerboard Pattern Farmer’s Cooperative Farmer’s Alliance Grange/Patrons of Husbandry Granger Laws Munn Vs. Illinois Wabash Vs. Illinois Interstate Commerce Commission Dry Farming Joseph Glidden Morill Land Grant Act Crop Lien Debt Peonage Tenant Farmer New South Populist Party	The term boom and bust refers to a great buildup in the price of a particular commodity or, alternately, the localized rise in an economy, often based upon the value of a single commodity, followed by a downturn as the commodity price falls due to a change in economic circumstances Farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market. Often very few workers are employed A financial crisis which triggered a severe international economic depression in both Europe and the United States that lasted until 1879, and even longer in some countries. The panic was caused by the fall in demand for silver internationally, which followed Germany's decision to abandon the silver standard in the wake of the Franco-Prussian war A serious economic depression in the United States, it was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing, resulting in a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and the railroad bubble, was a run on the gold supply. Federal law that, as amended by the Taft-Hartley Act, forbids corporations or unions from making contributions or expenditures in connection with elections for certain federal offices. A practice in business whereby a company charges an amount that might seem excessive, yet is still within the range of what customers will pay for a product or service. Thus, with this concept, the company essentially pushes the price of its product or service to the limit, without going over. Iinvolved the Union and the Credit Mobilier of America (no relation to the French Credit Mobilier) construction company in the building of the western portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. In 1868 Congressman Oakes Ames had distributed Crédit Mobilier shares of stock to other congressmen, in addition to making cash bribes, during the Andrew Johnson presidency. The story was broken by the New York newspaper, The Sun, during the 1872 presidential campaign, when Ulysses S. Grant was running for re-election. Las Gorras Blancas (Spanish for "The White Caps") was a group active in the American Southwest in the late 1880s and early 1890s in response to Anglo-American land grabbers. Founded in April 1889 by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera, with support from vecinos in the nearby communities of El Burro, El Salitre, Ojitos Frios, and San Geronimo.[1] A series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 489) was the original act. An American meatpacking and food processing company founded in Chicago, in 1867 by the Armour brothers, led by Philip Danforth Armour. By 1880, the company had become Chicago's most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America's meatpacking industry. A situation where land ownership is intermingled between two or more owners, resulting in a checkerboard pattern. Checkerboarding is prevalent in the Western United States due to its extensive use in railroad grants for western expansion, although it had its beginnings in the canal land grant era Farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity. The Farmers' Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. A fraternal organization in the United States which encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. (Leader was Oliver Hudson Kelley) a series of laws passed in several midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as the Grange. The main goal of the Grange was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War. case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies. Dry farming, on the other hand, refers to crop production during a dry season, utilizing the residual moisture in the soil from the rainy season, usually in a region that receives 20” or more of annual rainfall. Dry farming works to conserve soil moisture during long dry periods primarily through a system of tillage, surface protection, and the use of drought-resistant varieties. Created Barbed wire The Morrill Land-Grant Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, including the Morrill Act of 1862 (7 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.) and the Morrill Act of 1890 (the Agricultural College Act of 1890, (26 Stat. 417, 7 U.S.C. § 321 et seq.)) a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan. Sometimes there was cash left over; when cotton prices were low, the crop did not cover the debt and the farmer started the next year in the red. The credit system was used by land owners, sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Debt peonage, also known as debt servitude, is a method of debt repayment in which an individual makes his payments to a creditor by physical labor. A tenant farmer is one who resides on and farms land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. The term "New South" is used in contrast to the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period. The People's Party, also known as the "Populists", was a short-lived political party in the United States established in 1891 during the Populist movement (United States, 19th Century). It was most important in 1892-96, and then rapidly faded away. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), it represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally. It sometimes formed coalitions with labor unions, and in 1896 the Democrats endorsed their presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan. The terms "populist" and "populism" are commonly used for anti-elitist appeals in opposition to established interests and mainstream parties.
2007-DBQ1 Document F: Cattle Kingdom- the open-range cattle industry that stretched from Texas into Montana in                              In the 1870s and 1880s. Cow tows- Speaks for itself, it was just a town full of cows Harsh Winters of 1885-87- mainly known for its effects on the Western US and its cattle Open Range- Where cattle roam freely regardless of land property ownership Range Wars- type of armed conflict typically undeclared, which occurs within agrarian or                           Stock rearing societies. Refrigerated railroad cars- a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable                                            Freight at specific temperatures. Document G: James B. Weaver- Was a US politician and member of the US House of Representatives,                               Representing Iowa, member of the Greenback Party “Pitchfork” Ben Tillman- American politician who served as the 84th governor of South                                           Carolina. Populist/People’s Party- a short-lived political party in the US established in 1891 during                                          The Populist Movement Greenback/Labor Party- An American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology Document H: Boom and bust cycles- A type of cycle experienced by an economy characterized by                                     Alternating periods of economic growth and contraction Frederick Jackson Turner- Historian who promoted interdisciplinary and quantitative                                            Methods often regarding the Midwest Homestead Act Impact- Homestead settlers of the environmentally challenging Great Plai Reverse Migration- phenomenon of bird migration Sod house frontier-Corollary to the log cabin during frontier settlement of Canada and US Desert Land Act- to encourage and promote the economic development of the arid and                              Semiarid public lands of West states Document I: Dawes Severalty Act- Authorized the president to survey Indian tribal land and divide it                                     Into allotments for individual Indians Indian Territory- the relocation of the indigenous peoples of the Americas who held                              Aboriginal title to their land. Fort Laramie Treaty- Agreement guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills                                  And further South Dakota. Document J: Bimetallism- monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as                         Equivalent Dingley Tariff- raised tariffs in US to counteract the Wilson-Gorman Tariff, which had                           Lowered rates Specie Resumption Act-